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ATOA's FLOW / CFD ENGINEERING SERVICES
Fluid flow is one of the essential branch of engineering which make the world's energy flow. The availability of reliable solution to Navier-Stokes equations coupled with mass, momentum and energy equations allows us to solve various real life engineering flow problems. The approximate solution to Navier-Stokes equations helps to solve various type of practical flow problems. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has evolved from theoretical tool to a practical real life problem solving tool. Separated, unsteady and vortex dominated transitional flow simulations for industrial innovation is the growth trend. We provide computational fluid dynamics simulation solutions to predict flow performance of air to water to complex fluids such as polymers, mixtures, multiphase and granular materials for aerodynamics, building ventilation, electronic cooling, filtration, flow control and material processing. CFD simulations includes laminar, turbulent, high mach, multiphase, non-isothermal, reacting and coupled flows.
Computational Fluid Dynamic Simulation Solutions
The CFD simulations on offer to model Internal and external flow includes,
Aerodynamic Flow Analysis for Aerospace, Automotive, Transportation, Town planning, renewable energy and Consumer Products.
Single phase Inviscid, Viscous, Laminar and turbulent flow simulations for ventilation, and flow control design.
Porous media, multiphase, free surface, bubbly and reactive flow for material processing and industrial manufacturing process simulations.
Pipe flow Modeling for Transport Phenomena in Pipe Networks.
Rotating machinery flow simulation for mixer, turbomachines and stirred reactors.
Multiphysics CFD Simulation Solutions
Our Speciality coupled MULTIPHYSICS CAE for Flow Engineering includes,
Flow+ Structural: Coupled flow with vibration and dynamics for aeroelasticity and Fluid structure interaction.
Flow + Thermal: Conjugate heat transfer for coupled flow and thermal for data center energy management, electronic cooling, Natural ventilation and Building thermal management.
Flow+Electrical: Flow with electromagnetics for electro kinetic flow, electrohydrodynamic flow and Flow battery.
Flow+ Chemical: For Chemical species transport, reacting flow, diffusion and combustion.
Emerging Computational Fluid Dynamic Simulations
Our focus on emerging technologies related to Flow Engineering are,
BioCFD, Computational Fluid Dynamics in Biomedical Systems for Blood flow, air flow in lungs, diffusion in the cells, Perfusion in tissues and biomedical device design.
Multiscale flow simulations with macro, micro and nano scale effects for flow in MEMS (micro fludics) and NEMS (Nano fludics) devices.
Nature inspired, unsteady vortex dominated flow simulations for novel flapping wing design for short range transportation.
ATOA’s New addition to Flow Engineering Solutions,
3D Printing of scaled down wind turbine, aircraft, rotating machinery and automobile model for prototyping and wind tunnel testing.
Flow Engineering design apps for fluid mechanics, hydraulics, Pipe Flow, Building ventilation calculations.
Computational Fluid dynamics deals with the flow of open and closed system to predict the flow pattern, pressure distribution, fluid forces, temperature and variation in fluid constituents under steady state or transient conditions. The velocity, pressure and viscosity are the basic flow parameters. The conservation of mass, momentum and energy governs the constitutive behaviour. Simple calculations of Reynolds number, Mach number and Grashof number, provides great initial insight into the nature of flow problems. CFD provides greater insight and visual details about the flow than experiments, leveraging parameters such as average flow, pressure, lift and drag coefficients, Shear stress and fluid forces. CFD is used for design of Airfoil for maximum thrust and minimal drag, Virtual wind tunnel experiments, Polymer and complex fluid processing, Pipe flow optimization, Turbomachinery: Turbines, Compressors, combustors and Water treatment and filtration. At ATOA, Computational Fluid Dynamics for product and process innovation for our clients is our ultimate objective.
Contact ATOA for advanced Flow Engineering/ CFD simulation solutions at cae@atoa.com
FLOW / CFD ENGINEERING Keywords
CFD Applications: Aerospace: airfoil, Aeroengine internal flows. Vortex enhancer, Drag reduction. , Civil:Flow over buildings, Urban planning, Natural ventilation, Water treatment. Automobile: Racing Car, Drag Reduction, Engine cooling, Noise Reduction.
Industrial: Material processing, Polymer flow, Chemical reaction, Heat sink. Energy: Wind Rotor, Wind Siting, Compressor, Axial flow fan, Solar Tower.
CFD Foundation: Birds of Flight, Eagle, Bumble bee, Humming bird, Flow Types, Lagrangian, Eulerian, Compressible, Incompressible, Inviscid, Viscous, Rotational, Irrotational, Steady, Unsteady, Discretization:, Finite Difference, Finite Volume, Finite Element
Multiphysics: Flow + Structural, Flow+ Vibration, Flow + Thermal, Flow + Electrical, Flow + Acoustics
Computational Flow Mechanics
Introduction to Flow Mechanics
Flow mechanics is a critical discipline within fluid dynamics that deals with the behavior of fluids (liquids and gases) in motion. It encompasses the study of fluid flow, pressure variations, and the interactions between fluids and solid boundaries. Understanding flow mechanics is essential in various engineering applications, from aerospace and automotive industries to environmental and biomedical engineering. The ability to accurately model and analyze fluid behavior is crucial for the design and optimization of systems that involve fluid motion.
Use Cases in Flow Mechanics
Flow mechanics is applied across a wide range of industries and applications, including:
• Aerospace Engineering: In the design of aircraft, rockets, and drones, where understanding airflow is vital for aerodynamics and fuel efficiency.
• Automotive Engineering: In analyzing the airflow over vehicles to reduce drag, enhance performance, and improve fuel efficiency.
• Biomedical Engineering: In the study of blood flow in arteries and veins, crucial for medical device design and health monitoring.
• Environmental Engineering: In modeling the movement of pollutants in air and water to develop effective remediation strategies.
• Chemical Engineering: In designing reactors and separation processes where fluid flow affects mass and heat transfer.
Basics of Flow Mechanics
Flow mechanics is grounded in fundamental principles of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics. Key concepts include:
• Fluid Properties: Understanding the properties of fluids, such as viscosity (a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow), density (mass per unit volume), and surface tension (the cohesive force at the fluid’s surface).
• Flow Regimes: Fluids can exhibit different flow regimes, such as laminar flow (smooth and orderly) and turbulent flow (chaotic and irregular), which significantly influence behavior and design considerations.
• Continuity Equation: A principle that describes the conservation of mass in fluid flow, stating that the mass flow rate must remain constant from one cross-section of a flow to another.
• Bernoulli’s Equation: Relates the pressure, velocity, and elevation of a flowing fluid, providing insights into energy conservation in fluid systems.
Types of Flow Analysis
Flow analysis can be categorized into several types:
• Steady vs. Unsteady Flow: Steady flow occurs when fluid properties at a point do not change over time, while unsteady flow involves time-varying properties.
• Incompressible vs. Compressible Flow: Incompressible flow assumes that fluid density remains constant, while compressible flow accounts for variations in density, especially in gases at high velocities.
• Newtonian vs. Non-Newtonian Flow: Newtonian fluids have a constant viscosity regardless of the shear rate, while non-Newtonian fluids exhibit varying viscosity based on the shear rate (e.g., ketchup, toothpaste).
Computational Models in Flow Mechanics
Computational models are essential for analyzing complex flow problems in engineering. Common methods include:
• Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD): A numerical approach used to analyze fluid flow and heat transfer by solving the governing equations of fluid motion. CFD allows for the simulation of complex flow phenomena, including turbulence, heat transfer, and chemical reactions.
• Finite Element Method (FEM): Often used in conjunction with CFD for analyzing fluid-structure interactions and problems involving coupled thermal and mechanical effects.
Partial Differential Equations (PDE) in Flow Mechanics
The behavior of fluid flow is governed by partial differential equations (PDEs) that describe the conservation laws of mass, momentum, and energy. The most common equations in flow mechanics include:
• Navier-Stokes Equations: These fundamental equations describe the motion of viscous fluid substances and account for velocity, pressure, density, and external forces. They are expressed as follows:
ρ ( ∂u/∂t + (u · ∇)u ) = - ∇p + μ ∇²u + ρ f
Where:
u = velocity vector,
p = pressure
μ = dynamic viscosity
ρ f = body force per unit volume
∇² = Laplacian
• Continuity Equation: Represents mass conservation in fluid flow:
∂ρ/∂t + ∇ · (ρ u) = 0
where,
ρ = fluid density
u = velocity vector (u, v, w)
∇· = divergence operator
For incompressible flow (ρ = constant): ∇ · u = 0
• Energy Equation: Governs the thermal energy within a fluid, often expressed in the context of heat transfer processes.
Characterizing Material Properties
Typical required material properties in flow mechanics include:
• Viscosity ( ): A measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow and deformation, crucial for determining flow regimes and behavior.
• Density ( ): A key parameter that affects buoyancy, pressure variations, and flow rates.
• Thermal Conductivity (k): Important for heat transfer analysis in fluid systems, affecting the thermal behavior of both the fluid and surrounding materials.
• Surface Tension ( ): Affects droplet formation, spreading, and interactions with solid surfaces.
Typical Product Performance Characteristics
The performance characteristics of flow systems designed using computational mechanics include:
• Flow Rate: The volume of fluid passing through a cross-section per unit time, often a critical design parameter in piping and HVAC systems.
• Pressure Drop: The reduction in pressure as fluid flows through a system, influencing pump selection and energy requirements.
• Heat Transfer Coefficient: A measure of the efficiency of heat transfer between the fluid and solid boundaries, critical for thermal management applications.
• Turbulence Intensity: A parameter indicating the level of turbulence within a flow, influencing mixing, heat transfer, and drag.
• Velocity Profile: Understanding how velocity varies across a flow cross-section, important for ensuring optimal performance in pipelines and ducts.
Summary of Flow Mechanics
The field of flow mechanics within computational domains is essential for designing and analyzing systems involving fluid motion. With advancements in computational models, numerical methods, and innovative materials, engineers can create products that perform effectively in various
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